1.2 Technical framework for reconstructing data production factors

Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network (DePIN) has built a new paradigm of "distributed supply of hardware resources - data value chain circulation - contributor equity atomic settlement" through the integration of blockchain and cryptography technology. Its core architecture includes three levels:

1.2.1 Physical Layer

By combining improved IoT protocols with hardware security technology, DePIN builds a digital twin authentication system for the physical world:

• Device Fingerprint Matrix

Use TEE (Trusted Execution Environment) and ARM TrustZone technology to generate a hardware-unique identity ID (the original Intel SGX statement needs to be revised because the ARM architecture has a higher market share in IoT devices). Integrate 20-dimensional features such as device MAC address, sensor calibration parameters, crystal oscillator deviation value, etc., and implement identity authentication through zero-knowledge proof (ZKP). ZKP verification takes less than 15ms (hardware acceleration support is required).

• Anti-Sybil Attack Mechanism

Proof of Spatial Timestamp (PoST) requires devices to submit geo-coordinate signatures every 5 minutes, combined with environmental noise fingerprints (such as Wi-Fi channel status) to improve positioning accuracy. The workload decay function (WD-Function) dynamically adjusts the reward coefficient to suppress virtual machine impersonation. The practice of the Helium network shows that this mechanism keeps the probability of successful witch attacks below 0.0007%, which is much lower than the average level of 2.3% of traditional IoT networks. The Hardware Trusted Score (HTS) system monitors abnormal device behavior in real time and automatically triggers on-chain stake deductions when the threshold is triggered. Practice verification: Helium network's distributed wireless network has connected 980,000 hotspot devices (data as of Q3 2024), with a node geographical distribution density of 3.7 per square kilometer (North American urban areas), and a network availability of 99.2% (needs to be combined with the characteristics of the LoRaWAN protocol).

1.2.2 Protocol Layer

The PoPW (Physical Proof of Work) consensus mechanism introduced by DePIN enables accurate measurement of physical resource contributions:

• Proof of Storage (PoS) Optimization

Introducing the Merkle-Patricia tree structure (the original "Merkle forest" is inaccurate), compressing the storage verification time from minutes to seconds. The use of spatiotemporal data sharding (ST-Fragmentation) combined with erasure coding technology can increase storage efficiency to 82% (Filecoin official data shows). The dynamic redundancy algorithm automatically adjusts the number of copies (3-7 copies) according to the data type, and Reed-Solomon encoding is used for cold data to optimize storage overhead.

• Proof of Computing Power (PoC) Breakthrough

Develop a heterogeneous computing unified instruction set (HCU-ISA) that is compatible with CPU/GPU/NPU and other architectures (FPGA is rarely used in mobile devices due to power consumption issues). The task scheduler supports millisecond-level fine-grained segmentation (the minimum computing unit is 0.01CU, 1CU≈10^9 operations), and combines with TEE to ensure that the computing process is verifiable and data is not leaked. Practice verification: Through the combined use of Proof of Storage (PoS) and Proof of Spacetime (PoST), Filecoin has increased the utilization rate of distributed storage resources from 18% in the centralized era to 78% (combined with fluctuations in storage market supply and demand).

1.2.3 Incentive layer

DePIN projects usually adopt a dual token model: A. Utility Token: used to pay for network services, with prices anchored to the supply and demand of resource markets, and an elastic supply mechanism to cope with fluctuations. B. Governance Token: Through the veToken model, the rights and interests of long-term contributors are bound to reduce speculative fluctuations. Some projects introduce the Work Staking mechanism to enhance stability. Industry Forecast: Messari's "2025 DePIN Development Report" predicts that by 2027, DePIN will connect 680 million smart devices worldwide (taking into account the device life cycle), forming a distributed means of production network worth US$3.2 trillion (this valuation includes ecological derivative value), and building a decentralized digital infrastructure for the AGI era.